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Double Tenth Investigation
A COMMISSION, appointed by the Authorities of Sime Road Internment Camp to take and record evidence from internees who were arrested by the Japanese Military Police in consequence of a raid on Changi Camp on 10/10/43, first sat on Thursday 30/8/45, and completed the record of evidence on Sunday evening, 2/9/45, having taken statements from 36 of the survivors. It was considered urgent to record this evidence prior to the dispersal of the Camp, which, it was believed, might take place as early as the 9th September, 1945.
On 10/10/43 all internees in Changi Prison were paraded soon after dawn in the Main Yard as if for a routine roll-call. Soon after this the Military Police arrived and armed soldiers picketed all doors. A number of internees were called out by name, labelled and segregated. Internees were then ordered back to their Block Yards where further labelling and segregation took place. Meanwhile a search was made of the personal belongings of all internees. During this search there was looting and wanton destruction by the Japanese. The investigation finished after dusk and internees were allowed to return inside the Prison. Many of them had had no food since 6 p.m. (T.T.) on the previous day and some suffered distress, and even collapsed, owing to the day-long exposure to the sun without food.
In consequence of this investigation 57 internees were removed from Changi Prison by the military Police on or after 10/10/43. With one exception these were all interrogated at Japanese Military Police centres in Singapore. The course of the interrogation showed that the Japanese were trying to establish that there was a spy organisation in Changi Prison which received and transmitted by radio-telephony, which had established contacts in the town for the purpose of sabotage and stirring up anti-Japanese feeling, and which collected money from outside for this purpose. In fact, there was no spy organisation, no radio transmission and no attempt to promote anti-Japanese activities outside the Camp. There were, however, radio receiving sets in the Camp which were used solely for the reception of news, and money was collected from persons outside the Camp for the sole purpose of supplementing the totally inadequate rations supplied by the Japanese.
The conditions under which internees were detained by the Military Police were rigorous in the extreme. They were crowded, irrespective of race, sex or state of health, in small cells or cages. They were so cramped that they could not lie down in comfort. No bedding nor coverings of any kind were provided and bright lights were kept burning overhead all night. From 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. inmates had to sit up straight on the bars floor with their knees up and were not allowed to relax or put their hands on the floor, or talk, or move, except to go to the lavatory. Any infraction of the rigid discipline involved a beating by the sentries. There was only one pedestal water-closet in each cell or cage, and the water flushing into the pan provided the only water supply allowed for all purposes, including drinking. It should be recorded here that nearly all of the inmates suffered from enteritis or dysentery. No soap, towel, toilet articles nor handkerchiefs were permitted and inmates had no clothes other than those they were wearing.
The food supplied, normally rice occasionally vegetables, and weak tea with no milk nor sugar, was less than half that supplied by our own Prisons Department as punishment diet for Asiatics. It was insufficient to support life over a long period and led to serious deficiency diseases in all cases of long detention.
Medical facilities, whether visits of medical personnel or the supply of medicines or drugs, were for all practica1 purposes non-existent. In many cases our own doctors sharing the cell with the sick made urgent requests for prompt medical attention on their behalf, particularly in cases where the victim was on the point of death, but their requests were invariably ignored, In one case a Japanese doctor who was called to see an Internee suffering from a fractured pelvis and possibly ruptured kidney, remarked that the man was not sick enough.
The three women taken from Changi Prison were detained in exactly the same conditions as the men and shared cells with male prisoners of all races. They were afforded no privacy, even for their most intimate requirements and any attempt on the part of European men to screen them was broken down by the guards. They were subjected to insults and obscene gestures by the Japanese prisoners in the same cell and the Japanese prisoners, with the assent of the guards, tried to compel them to perform the most sordid tasks in the cell.
The building occupied by the Japanese Military Police resounded all day and all night with blows, the bellowing of the inquisitors, and the shrieks of the tortured. From time to time victims from the torture chambers would stagger back or, if unconscious, would be dragged back to their cells with marks of their ill-treatment on their bodies. In one such case an unconscious victim so returned died during the night, without receiving any medical attention; and his body was not removed until the afternoon. In these conditions, and this atmosphere of terror these men and women waited, sometimes for months, their summons to interrogation, which might come at any hour of the day or night.
Usually interrogation started quietly and would so continue as long as the inquisitors got the expected answers. If for any reason, such answers were not forthcoming, physical violence was immediately employed.
The methods used were:-
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Beating with iron bars, brass rods, sticks, bamboo's, with knotted ropes, belts with buckles, or revolver butts al1 over the body. While these beatings were being inflicted, the victims were sometimes suspended by their wrists from a rope passed over a beam. Sometimes their hands were tied behind their backs and they were forced to kneel while sharp-edged pieces of wood or iron were placed behind their knees so as to cut into their flesh whilst they knelt. While they were so kneeling, the Japanese would jump on their thighs or on the projecting; ends of the bar of wood behind their knees; sometimes to increase the pressure on the bar or wood behind their knees, a Japanese would perch himself on the shoulders of the victim, or the victim, with hands untied, would be compelled to hold heavy weights above his head. They were often forced to remain in this position without intermission for 9-10 hours, during which period interrogation would go on remorselessly, punctuated by blows. At times the victim would be tied to a table and tied until he lost consciousness. In one case the man so flogged, counted 200 blows before losing consciousness. This treatment was in some cases, carried on daily for 4 -5 days consecutively. In one case a European, who died later, was interrogated with the usual beatings for 55 hours at a stretch and another European, since dead, underwent 144 hours of beatings in all, according to the estimates of his cell mates.
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Water torture. There were two forms of water torture. In the first, the victim was tied or held down on his back and a cloth placed over his nose and mouth. Water was then poured on the cloth. Interrogation proceeded and the victim was beaten if he did not reply. As he opened his mouth to breath or answer questions, water went down his throat until he could hold no more sometimes he was beaten over his distended stomach, sometimes a Japanese jumped on his stomach or sometimes pressed on it with his foot. In the second, the victim was tied lengthways on a ladder, face upwards with a rung across his throat and his head below the ladder. In this position he was slid head first into a tub of water and kept there until almost drowned. After being revived interrogation continued and he would be re-immersed.
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During interrogation the inquisitor, in many cases burnt the victim with cigarette and cheroot ends, even on the most sensitive parts of the body, e.g. the armpits; between the toes, on the scrotum and penis. Several Asiatics had petrol poured on their bellies and ignited, and one Asiatic had his hands tied together and immersed in a bowl of methylated spirit which was then ignited.
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Electric torture: there were two forms of this. In the first an induction coil was used, one electrode being attached to the hand or foot and the other, a bare wire was applied to various parts of the body. One victim reports that he was thrown across the room by the violence of this shock. The effect has been described as one of physical and mental disintegration. The second form apparently more severe, was called the electric table or electric cap. There is evidence that this was used, but not on any of our witnesses.
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In addition to these forms of torture, the inquisitors often employed other methods such as ju-jitsu, twisting of limbs, bending back of fingers, punching, repeated blows on the same spot and so on. These methods, in many cases, resulted in dislocations and permanent damage to limbs and joints. In one case, the inquisitor punctuated his questions by flicking off, with the frayed end of a bamboo, flesh bruised in a previous beating. This left a permanent scar six inches by three inches on the victim's thigh.
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In several cases the victims were led to believe that their own execution, either by beheading or shooting. was imminent. They were advised to write a letter of farewell. Preparations for the execution were carried out, up to the penultimate stage, with such realism that in two cases the victims fainted.
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Threats to Families: threats were also made to take action against the family of the victim (the wives of some internees were believed to be in Japanese custody in other parts of Asia).
Torture was carried out to the limit of human endurance. One internee attempted to commit suicide by jumping over the veranda. In his fall he fractured his pelvis but, despite his condition, his interrogation under torture continued until just before he died. In another case the internee asked his inquisitors for the means to commit suicide. A pistol was produced and was snatched away only when the man was about to carry out his declared intention.
Of the 57 internees detained as a result of the investigation on 10/10/43, 12 died of sickness directly attributable to the appalling conditions under which they were detained; one, as in the preceding paragraph as a result of his fall, and one was executed. The survivors who returned after lengthy custody by the Military Police required prolonged treatment in the Camp Hospital for extreme emaciation (except where oedema was present), chronic dysentery, neuritis, sores, ulcers, scabies, beriberi, weak hearts or injuries to joints or limbs.
The Commission also recorded the evidence of the three surviving members out of six, of the Body Disposal Squad who were arrested by the Japanese Military Police in the municipal Building, Singapore in March, 1942, and who were sentenced after a so-called trial to two years solitary confinement each for "anti-Japanese talk". While in Prison three of the six died, without receiving any medical attention. Requests for medicine on their behalf evoked the reply "You are enemy prisoners and are not allowed any medicines".
(signed) S.C.Silkin, M.C.S., Chairma
N.S. Alexander, M.S., Ph.D.,
Professor of Physics.
W.L. Blyth, M.C.S.
Sime Road Internment Camp,
Singapore
3rd September 1945.
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